第五章：《天下雜誌》撤文事件 媒體識讀的能力
註腳
【1】 Wael
Ghonim, Let's Design Social Media That Drives Real Change, TED, Filmed Dec. 2015, https://www.ted.com/talks/wael_ghonim_let_s_design_social_media_that_drives_real_change?language=en#t-60531
(last visited May 05, 2016).
【2】 Deborah Potter，獨立新聞工作手冊-什麼是新聞，美國國務院國際資訊局，http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/PUBS/Handbook_Journalism/whatis.htm（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 5 月 4日）。
【3】 黃丞儀，馬習會前，天下把我的文章「河蟹」了？新頭殼，2015年11月4日，http://newtalk.tw/news/view/2015-11-04/66370（最後瀏覽日：2016年4月12日）。
【4】 同上。
【5】 陳文蔚，天下撤文骨牌效應！張娟芬、吳介民等退出，民報，2015年11月4日，http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/dc5b78a4-7ea7-47f1-95c5-88c56e98f210（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 4 月 12 日）。
【6】 梁姍樺，獨立評論@天下撤文「星文燎原作者群起抵制劃清界線，風傳媒，2015年11月04日，http://www.storm.mg/article/73083（最後瀏覽日：2016年5月4日）。
【7】 黃丞儀，最後一次針對天下河蟹事件的回應，黃丞儀臉書，2015年11月4日，https://www.facebook.com/chengyi.huang/posts/10153640255288503（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 4 月 12 日）。
【8】 陳文蔚，註5。
【9】 楊索，殷允芃女士應為言論審查公開道歉，蘋果日報，2015年11月5日，http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20151105/726313/（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 4 月 12 日）。
【10】廖雲章，楊索臉書，2015年11月20日。
【11】楊索，獨立評論站得直嗎？楊索臉書，2015年11月20日。
【12】European Convention on Human Rights,
Art. 10, 1950
(“1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include
freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas
without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.”).
【13】U.S. CONST. amend. I. (“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”).
【14】司法院大法官會議釋字第509號大法官吳庚協同意見書，http://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/uploadfile/C100/509.pdf
（最後瀏覽日：2016年5月4日）。
【15】Legal Information Institute, State
Action Requirement, Cornell University Law School,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/state_action_requirement (last visited April
12, 2016) (“The state action requirement stems
from the fact that the constitutional amendments which protect individual
rights (especially the Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment) are mostly
phrased as prohibitions against government action. For example, the First
Amendment states that “[c]ongress shall make no law” infringing upon the freedoms
of speech and religion. Because of this
requirement, it is impossible for private parties (citizens or corporations) to
violate these amendments, and all lawsuits alleging constitutional violations
of this type must show how the government (state or federal) was responsible
for the violation of their rights. This is referred to as the state action
requirement.”).
【17】即時新聞∕綜合報導，賴清德向「台獨教父」致敬，自由時報，2014年9月20日，http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/1110903（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 4 月 12 日）。
【18】黃丞儀，立院應即彈劾馬總統，想想論壇，2015年11月4日，http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/4782（最後瀏覽日：2016年4月12日）；黃丞儀，立院應即彈劾馬總統，公民行動影音紀錄資料庫，2015年11月4日，http://www.civilmedia.tw/archives/38776（最後瀏覽日：2016 年 4 月 12 日）；黃丞儀，立院應即彈劾馬總統，蘋果即時論壇，2015年11月4日，http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20151104/725436/（最後瀏覽日：2016年4月12日）。
【19】U.S.
Congress, U.S. Constitution Annotated, First Amendment Religion and Expression, Cornell University Law School,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt1efrag3_user.html (last visited June
02, 2016) (“Speech in
public forums is subject to time, place, and manner regulations, which take
into account such matters as control of traffic in the streets, the scheduling
of two meetings or demonstrations at the same time and place, the preventing of
blockages of building entrances, and the like. Such regulations are closely
scrutinized in order to protect free expression, and, to be valid, must be
justified without reference to the content or subject matter of speech, must serve a significant
governmental interest, and must leave open ample alternative channels for communication
of the information. A recent formulation is that a time, place, or manner
regulation ‘must be
narrowly tailored to serve the government’s legitimate content–neutral
interests, but . . . need not be the least– restrictive or least–intrusive
means of doing so.”).
【20】United
for Peace and Justice v. Bloomberg, (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2004) (“The right to free speech does not guarantee
plaintiff ‘ther best channels or locations for [its] expression.’ Carew-Reid v.
Metropolitan Transp. Auth., 903 F.2d 914, 919 (2d Cir. 1990). Whether ample
alternatives are available does not depend on the preference of the speaker’
for the forum of his choice. Irish Lesbian and Gay Org. V. Giuliani, 918
F.Supp. At 744. Nor does free speech entitle plaintiff to maximize its
audience, participants, or media coverage. See Irish Lesbian and Gay Org. v.
Giuliani, 918 F.Supp. At 744’); United for Peace
and Justice v. Bloomberg: Challenging Denial of Permit for
Central Park Protest Rally, New York Civil Liberties Union, http://www.nyclu.org/case/united-peace-and-justice-v-bloomberg-challenging-denial-of-permit-central-park-protest-rally
(last
visited April 12, 2016).
【21】Id.
【22】New York Times Co. v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713
(U.S. 1971).
【23】Id. at 717,
J. Black dissenting (“Only a free and
unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government. And
paramount among the responsibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any
part of the government from deceiving the people and sending them off to
distant lands to die of foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell.”).
【24】The Info List, Herbert Bayard Swope,
http://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Herbert%20Bayard%20Swope
(last visited May 04, 2016).
【25】Goodreads, Guotes from Brian Cox,
thttp://www.goodreads.com/quotes/3208182-the-problem-with-today-s-world-is-that-everyone-believes-they (last visited April 12, 2016) (“The problem with
today’s world is that everyone believes they have the right to express their
opinion AND have others listen to it. The correct statement of individual
rights is that everyone has the right to an opinion, but crucially, that
opinion can be roundly ignored and even made fun of, particularly if it is
demonstrably nonsense”).
【26】Aidan White, Fear in the News, The Difference Between Self-censorship and Ethical Journalism,
Ethical Journalism Network, May 02, 2014, http://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/en/contents/fear-in-the-news-the-difference-between-self-censorship-and-ethical-journalism
(last visited May 07, 2016) (“Self-censorship
is a different matter. This is when journalism and media are driven not by
editorial concerns, but by fear. When a journalist or editor makes an editorial
decision over a story and its contents that is motivated by the threat of
reprisal – whether from the state, the police, the owner, or the advertiser –
it is nothing to do with the principles of good journalism. Internal threats
are not unusual. Journalists regularly shape their stories to suit the
company’s political or business interests. And it’s not a new phenomenon.”).
【27】Glenn C. Loury, Self-Censorship in Public
Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena, Rationality and Society; 6(4), 428
(1994), http://debategraph.org/Handler.ashx?path=ROOT%2Fu8432%2FLoury_Political_Correctness.pdf(last visited May 04, 2016).
【28】University of Twente, Spiral of
Silence, https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Mass%20Media/spiral_of_silence/
(last visited April 12, 2016). (“Neumann (1974)
introduced the ‘spiral of silence’ as an attempt to explain in part how public opinion is
formed. She wondered why the Germans supported wrong political positions that
led to national defeat, humiliation and ruin in the 1930s -1940s.”).
【29】Id. (“The phrase "spiral of silence" actually
refers to how people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are
in the minority. The model is based on three premises: 1) people have a
"quasi-statistical organ," a sixth-sense if you will, which allows
them to know the prevailing public opinion, even without access to polls, 2)
people have a fear of isolation and know what behaviors will increase their
likelihood of being socially isolated, and 3) people are reticent to express
their minority views, primarily out of fear of being isolated.”).
【30】Id. (“This example shows an effect of the theory where
during the 1991 Gulf War the U.S. support for the war was measured.”).
【32】Eric Barendt, Freedom of Speech,
Oxford Scholarship Online, http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199225811.001.0001/acprof-9780199225811-chapter-1
(last visited May 04, 2016) (“This chapter
discusses the nature of a free speech principle and explores the coherence of
four justifications for that principle: arguments concerned with the importance
of discovering truth, free speech as an aspect of self-fulfillment, the
argument from citizen participation in a democracy, and suspicion of
government.”).
【33】Monica Stevens, Journalist Gatekeeper
Responsibilities, Demand Media, http://work.chron.com/journalist-gatekeeper-responsibilities-12377.html
(last visited on May 04, 2016) (“Gatekeeping
describes the process by which news stories are filtered by journalists and
editors for dispersal in any medium.”).
【34】Steve Buttry, Gatekeepers Need to Find New Value When the
Fences Have Blown Away, The Buttry Diary, April 30, 2012, https://stevebuttry.wordpress.com/2012/04/30/gatekeepers-need-to-find-new-value-when-the-fences-have-blown-away/(last visited May 04, 2016) (“Keeping
the gate was a serious responsibility: We got to decide what was news and what
wasn’t, what was front-page news, what was an inside brief and what wasn’t
worth our readers’ time at all. We had to decide when a story was vetted and
verified enough to make it through the gate. Those were great jobs and I
think I was a responsible gatekeeper. I honor and value those days in
journalism.”).
【35】Id. (“In a Facebook discussion today,
Arkansas State journalism professor Jack
Zibluk wrote, ‘By abandoning the gatekeeper
role, I believe you are abandoning the profession.’”).
【36】Stevens, supra note 33 (“University
of Iowa journalism professor Jane B. Singer wrote that the proliferation of
information on the Internet has diminished the power of journalism’s
gatekeepers, but journalists can still serve a role in sorting, interpreting
and lending credibility to news on behalf of the public....In a society where
information -- and misinformation -- is so easily distributed, journalists can
provide a service as fact-checkers who hold stories up to the light of
objectivity.”).
【37】Kelley McBride, MediaWire: Why there
is a need for more transparency & contexts in op-eds, Poynter, November
25, 2014, http://www.poynter.org/2013/why-theres-a-need-for-more-transparency-context-in-op-eds/217590/(last visited May 04, 2016).
【38】Id.
(“When it comes to trying to influence the
marketplace of ideas, stepping up the game means more than just sharpening the
writing and the ideas behind the writing. It means giving the audience the
information to understand why this opinion was selected, who this person is,
what makes him or her relevant, and what other information might be relevant to
the reader.”).
【39】管仁健，獨立評論已死，統一戰線現形，新頭殼，2015年11月5日，http://newtalk.tw/news/view/2015-11-05/66429
（最後瀏覽日：2016年5月4日）。
【40】陳順孝，給高中生的媒體識讀講義，打造自己的媒體，阿孝札記，2011年4月7日，http://www.ashaw.org/2011/04/blog-post_06.html
（最後瀏覽日：2016年5月4日）。
【41】Center for
Media Literacy, What is Media Literacy? AMLA's
Short Answer and a Longer Thought, http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/what-media-literacy-amlas-short-answer-and-longer-thought
(last visited May 04, 2016) (“Media literacy
empowers people to be both critical thinkers and creative producers of an
increasingly wide range of messages using image, language, and sound. It is the
skillful application of literacy skills to media and technology messages. As
communication technologies transform society, they impact our understanding of
ourselves, our communities, and our diverse cultures, making media literacy an
essential life skill for the 21st century.”).
【42】香港大學，思方網，http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/creativity/
(last visited May 04, 2016) (“There
are two basic thinking skills - critical and creative thinking. They are both
crucial for solving problems and discovering new knowledge. Critical thinking
is the ability to think clearly and rationally. Creativity is a matter of
coming up with new and useful possibilities.”).
【43】Id. (“Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do
the following: understand the logical connections between ideas; identify,
construct and evaluate arguments; detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in
reasoning; solve problems systematically; identify the relevance and importance
of ideas; reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values.”).
【44】Center for Media Literacy, Literacy
in the 21st Century: The Hope
and the Promise,
August 10, 2009, http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/literacy-21st-century-hope-and-promise
(last visited May 04, 2016).
【45】National Association for Media Literacy
Education, Media literacy defined, https://namle.net/publications/media-literacy-definitions/
(last visited May 04, 2016) (“Being literate in a media age requires critical
thinking skills that empower us as we make decisions, whether in the classroom,
the living room, the workplace, the boardroom, or the voting booth.”).
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