第十一章:耍嘴皮、喊口號的律師
用論說文培養批判性思考能力
註腳
【1】 朱真楷,柯文哲:律師世代應該要結束了,中時電子報,2014年1月7日,http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20140107002282-260407(最後瀏覽日:2016年5月9日)。
【2】 大考中心網站,104學年度學科能力測驗 國文考科及英文考科作文佳作,http://www.ceec.edu.tw/GoodWritingPieces/104SatGoodWritingPieces/104%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E5%9C%8B%E8%8B%B1%E4%BD%B3%E4%BD%9C.htm(最後瀏覽日:2015年7月31日)。
【3】 胡清暉、林志成,作文「獨享」 寫出轉折拿高分,中時電子報,2015年2月2日,http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20150202000301-260102 (最後瀏覽日:2015年7月31日)。
【4】 SAT
Essay Prompts, https://professionals.collegeboard.com/testing/sat-reasoning/prep/essay-prompts (last visited July 31,
2015); http://www.cracksat.net/sat/essay/442.html
(last visited May 10, 2016) (“Assignment: Is listening more
important than speaking when you are trying to persuade others? Plan and write
an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your
position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies,
experience, or observations.”).
【5】 孫蓉萍,在台灣死背就能拿分 去美國才學會可帶走的能力,今周刊913期,2014 年6月19日,http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article-content-80409-108629(最後瀏覽日:2015年7月31日)。
【6】 The
Writing Center, College Writing, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, http://writingcenter.unc.edu/ handouts/college-writing/ (last visited
July 31, 2015) (“In a classic five-paragraph theme, the first paragraph starts
with a general statement and ends with a thesis statement containing three
“points”; each body paragraph discusses one of those “points” in turn; and the
final paragraph sums up what the student has written.”).
【7】 Id. (“The five-paragraph theme is a
good way to learn how to write an academic essay. It’s a simplified version of
academic writing that requires you to state an idea and support it with
evidence. Setting a limit of five paragraphs narrows your options and forces
you to master the basics of organization…Writing a five-paragraph theme is like
riding a bicycle with training wheels; it’s a device that helps you learn. That
doesn’t mean you should use it forever. Once you can write well without it, you
can cast it off and never look back.”).
【8】 Id. (“The five-paragraph theme is a good way to learn how to write an
academic essay. It’s a simplified version of academic writing that requires you
to state an idea and support it with evidence.”).
【9】 SAT
Essay Writing, College Board Essay 6 Points, https://sonnguyenrocks.wordpress.com/2014/11/11/collegeboard-essay-6-points/
(last visited May 10, 2016) (“Assignment: Are people better at making
observations, discoveries, and decisions if they remain neutral and impartial?
Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,
studies, experience, or observations.”).
【10】Id.
【11】Id.
【12】Docslide, Sample
Student Essay, http://docslide.us/documents/27-april-sat-essay-1.html (last
visited May 10, 2016).
【13】Id.
【14】E. Simpson & M.
Courtney, Critical Thinking
in Nursing Education: Literature Review,
8 Int
J Nurs Pract. 2002 Apr;8(2):89-98 (“If nurses are to deal
effectively with complex change, increased demands and greater accountability,
they must become skilled in higher-level thinking and reasoning abilities… that
practicing nurses and nurse educators concur that the increasing complexity of
modern healthcare demands critical thinking.”).
【15】Ken Petress, Critical
Thinking: An Extended Definition, 12
(3) Education 461, 461 (2004) (“Critical
thinking examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and
assesses conclusions.”).
【16】外灘教育訊,哈佛大學唯一必修课寫作課是怎麼上的?新浪教育,2015年6月9日,http://edu.sina.com.cn/a/2015-06-09/1056260682.shtml(最後瀏覽日:2016年5月10日);American
Association, What Is a 21st Century Liberal Education?, http://www.aacu.org/leap/what-is-a-liberal-education
(last visited May 10, 2016) (“Liberal Education is an approach to learning that
empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and
change. It provides students with broad knowledge of the wider world (e.g.
science, culture, and society) as well as in-depth study in a specific area of
interest.”); James Engell, On the Value
of a Liberal Arts Education, http://artsandhumanities.fas.harvard.edu/pages/your-future
(last visited May 10, 2016) (“In today’s fast evolving world, leaders across
the spectrum of vocations and professions need a broad imaginative and critical
capacity, not a prematurely narrow point of view. In terms of the actual world,
a solid liberal arts and sciences education will generally
prove the most practical preparation for many demanding, high-level careers”).
【17】Elizabeth Guzik, Welcome to College: Say Goodbye to the
Five-Paragraph Essay, http://web.csulb.edu/~eguzik/fivepara.html(last visited July 31, 2015).
【18】Id.
(“The
difference is that the college essay asks you to ask more probing questions--to
examine the hows and whys behind each point and push your analysis further.”).
【21】同上。
【22】楊晉綺,大競寫學生作品選輯(2007~2009),國立清華大學寫作中心,頁1,writing.wwlc.nthu.edu.tw/writcent/uploaded_files/view/3265(最後瀏覽日:2016年5月10日)。
【23】同上,頁1。
【24】同上,頁3。
【25】American Bar Association, ABA Standard for Approval of Law Schools, July 2000, p. 40, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/Standards/standardsarchive/2000_standards.authcheckdam.pdf (“Standard 302. CURRICULUM: (a) A law school shall offer to all students in its J.D. program… (2) at
least one rigorous writing experience”); American Bar Association, ABA Standard for Approval of Law Schools 2001-2002, 2001, p. 24,
http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/Standards/standardsarchive/2001_2002_standards.authcheckdam.pdf (“Standard
302. CURRICULUM: (a) All students in a J.D. program shall receive… (2)
substantial legal writing instruction, including at least one rigorous writing
experience in the first year and at least one additional rigorous writing
experience after the first year.”).
【26】American
Bar Association, ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law
Schools 2014-2015, 2014, p
15, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/Standards/2014_2015_aba_standards_and_rules_of_procedure_for_approval_of_law_schools_bookmarked.authcheckdam.pdf
(“ Standard 302. LEARNING OUTCOMES, (b) Legal analysis and reasoning, legal
research, problem-solving, and written and oral communication in the legal
context”).
【27】Sullivan, W. M., Colby, A., Wegner, J. W., Bond, L.,
& Shulman, L. S. Educating lawyers: Preparation for the profession of law, (John Wiley & Sons) (2007).
【28】LSAC, Law School Admission Test (LSAT), http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/about-the-lsat
(last visited July 31, 2015); AAMC,
What's
on the MCAT2015 Exam?, https://students-residents.aamc.org/applying-medical-school/article/whats-mcat-exam/
(last visited April 10, 2016); ETS,
Prepare
for the GRE® Revised
General Test,
http://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/ (last visited April 10, 2016); GMAT, GMAT Exam Format and Timing,
http://www.mba.com/global/the-gmat-exam/gmat-exam-format-timing.aspx (last
visited April 10, 2016).
【29】Duke University School of Law, First-year
Curriculum, https://law.duke.edu/curriculum/firstyr/
(last visited July 31, 2015) (“Legal Analysis, Research and Writing 160.01 An
introductory study of the various forms of legal writing and modes of legal
research.”).
【30】Sullivan, supra note 27, at 108.
【31】Suzanne
E. Rowe, Legal Research, Legal
Writing, and Legal Analysis: Putting Law School into Practice, 29 Stetson L. Rev.
1193, 1201 (2015), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1223682 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1223682 (“The first semester will be devoted to objective writing, in which you analyze whether the client has a claim or
predict how the client’s claim might be decided by a judge... The second
semester of LRW is typically devoted to advocacy. You will research and analyze
legal issues and then write trial memoranda and appellate briefs to convince a
court why your client should win. In this semester, students often present oral
arguments in simulated courtroom situations.”).
【32】Id. at 1203-04 (“In legal writing, you must
always explain every step of this analysis, even when you are sure that the
reader knows more about the law and facts than you do…Because you know the
way, you must lead your reader, step by
step. While your reader will be happy to arrive at the top, the journey—your
analysis—will be more important than standing on the top step—arriving at your
conclusion.”).
【33】Id. at 1201 (“Legal writing must analyze likely
solutions for a client’s distinct problem. To do this, you must prove to the
reader what the current law is, based on all the relevant authority you found
while researching. Then you must explain how that law applies in your client’s
situation and predict an outcome.”).
【34】Grant
Robertson, The $2-Million Comma,
Globe & Mail (published: Aug. 7, 2006; updated:
Mar. 17, 2009 ) http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/the-2-million-comma/article18169907/
(“A grammatical blunder may force Rogers Communications Inc. to pay an extra
$2.13-million to use utility poles in the Maritimes after the placement of a
comma in a contract permitted the deal's cancellation.”).
【35】Rowe,
supra note 31, at 1207
(“Legal writing must be edited to perfection, and even tiny punctuation marks
can be costly.”).
【36】M. K. Osbeck, What is
Good Legal Writing and Why Does It Matter, 4 Drexel L. Rev. 417,
426 (2012) (“Rather, lawyers and judges read legal documents because they need to
extract information from these documents that will help them make decisions in
the course of their professional duties”).
【37】The Board of Student Advisors Harvard School,
Introduction to Advocacy: Research, Writing and Argument
(7th ed. 2002).
【38】Id. at 153.
【39】Id. at 185 & 199.
【40】施惠芬,102-1 學期法律文書寫作課程資訊,台灣大學,https://nol.ntu.edu.tw/nol/coursesearch/print_table.php?course_id=A21%20U4440&class=04&dpt_code=A010&ser_no=57040&semester=102-1(最後瀏覽日:2015年7月31日)(如台大法律系開設法律文書寫作,為選修,限大三以上法律系學生); 政大課程地圖,http://cis.nccu.edu.tw/coursemap/students/ProCourseMap.aspx?College=600&Dept=601_1(最後瀏覽日:2016年5月19日)(如政大法律系課程規劃列表必修中並無法律寫作)。
【41】楊智傑,千萬別來念法律,五南圖書,2013年,頁132。
【42】同上,頁136。
【43】同上,頁90-91。
【44】同上,頁41-42;陳玟伶,椰林會客室,法律系的教與學—曾宛如老師專訪,國立台灣大學教學發展中心,2012年5月30日,http://ctld.ntu.edu.tw/_epaper/news_detail.php?nid=77(最後瀏覽日:2016年3月12日)。
【45】楊智傑,註41,頁44。
【46】Legal Information
Institution, Legal writing, Cornell
Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/legal_writing (last visited July
31, 2015) (“In many legal settings specialized forms of written communication
are required. In many others, writing is the medium in which a lawyer must
express their analysis of an issue and seek to persuade others on their
clients' behalf. Any legal document must be concise, clear, and conform to the
objective standards that have evolved in the legal profession.”).
【47】Osbeck, supra note 36,
at 426 (“ lawyers and judges read legal documents because they need to extract
information from these documents that will help them make decisions in the
course of their professional duties. For example, a partner in a law firm reads
an associate‘s memo in order to obtain information concerning the law and its
application to the facts…Likewise, a judge reads a lawyer‘s pre-trial brief in
order to obtain information about the case and in order to understand the
parties‘ arguments. This in turn helps the judge decide how to rule on a
motion.”).
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